Italy: Women Parliamentarians Seek to Change Rules on Surnames

The Italian parliament will consider 13 bills next week to change the law that prohibits newborns from receiving any name but the father’s surname, unless the father’s identity is unknown. Italian women MPs (members of Parliament) have introduced various alternatives to this patriarchal law, including allowing parents to choose which surname their children receive, or establishing a system like Spain’s that gives a newborn both parents’ surnames, according to the Italian news service ANSA.

The law was challenged in February by a couple in Milan who wanted to give their daughter the mother’s surname. Though the Constitutional Court called the law “a remnant of a patriarchal conception of the family inconsistent with equality of the sexes,” it ruled that it could not overturn the law in this case, as did Italy’s highest appeals court in May, according to the Guardian. Both the Constitutional Court and Italy’s Supreme Court have called upon parliament to change the law.

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Russian Police Look to Women to End Corruption

The Russian Police have announced that, in an effort to reduce corruption, it will create its first women-only traffic police unit. According to Mikhail Tsukruk, the police chief in the southern Russian city of Volgograd, research shows that women are less inclined to accept bribes, BBC reports.

Currently, traffic police units are male-dominated, and traffic violations are often ignored after a bribe exchanges hands. According to Reuters, this corrupt culture among traffic police contributes to the danger of Russian roads; about 35,000 people are killed in accidents annually.

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Australian Legislators Fight Deceptive Pregnancy Counseling Centers

Legislators in Australia are working to pass a bill that would require pregnancy counseling centers to make their positions on abortion clear in order to not mislead women seeking abortions. A government report released earlier this month found that some pregnancy centers are giving women false information about the risks of abortion, or telling women they are “sinful” if they have an abortion, according to Australia’s News.com. In one such case, a father of a raped daughter called a pregnancy counseling hotline looking for an abortion clinic and was told that he was ” ‘nothing but a bloody murderer’,” according to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

The bill, introduced by Democrats Senator Natasha Scott Despoja, is reminiscent of US Congresswoman Carolyn Maloney’s “Stop Deceptive Advertising for Women’s Services” Act, which, like its Australian counterpart, seeks to require pregnancy centers to comply with trade and commerce rules prohibiting false advertising, according to the Courier-Mail.

Meanwhile, the Australian legislature is considering a $50 million bill that would create a Pregnancy Hotline and a Medicare rebate for pregnancy-related counseling after Health Minister Tony Abbott said that the abortion rate in Australia too high, the Courier-Mail reports. Abbott earlier this year vetoed the use of RU-486 for early medical abortions, a decision that was overruled by the Australian legislature.

The Australian Medical Association has expressed concern that the Medicare rebate plan does not protect women’s privacy Ð under the bill, pregnancy counseling would be assigned a specific number that would be visible not only to doctors but to anyone who would see the Medicare account, such as payment processors and pharmacists, the News.com reports. Lack of privacy is already causing young women seeking abortions to travel far outside of their local towns to access abortion services in Melbourne, according to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

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Three Male Suspects Identified in Connection to Juarez Murders

A man arrested Monday in Denver on illegal immigration charges has been named by US and Mexican authorities as one of three suspects in dozens of rapes and murders in Juarez, Mexico. Taken to El Paso to be turned over to Mexican authorities, Alvarez Cruz was under investigation in Mexico in at least 10 of the rapes and murders in Juarez before he fled to the US, according to the Associated Press. The US ambassador to Mexico has called Cruz’s arrest a “major break” in the ongoing investigation of the deaths of hundreds of women over the past 16 years in the border city of Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.

The two other suspects named by US and Mexican authorities are Jose Granados se la Paz, presumed to still be in Mexico, and Alejandro “Cala” Delgado Valles, found in West Virginia, who is in the process of being deported, reports the El Paso Times.

In May, the US House of Representatives passed a resolution, sponsored by Hilda Solis (D-CA), condemning the violent murders of Juarez women and calling on the US and Mexican governments to solve the open cases and work to prevent any more deaths.

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Israeli Police Investigate Sex Harassment Allegations Against President

Israeli President Moshe Katsav is being investigated after two former female employees accused him of forcing sex on them. Police are questioning Mr. Katsav at his residence and have seized computers and documents from both his house and office. Mr. Katsav is denying any wrongdoing and is cooperating with the investigation, his spokeswoman told Reuters. If found guilty, Mr. Katsav will be immune from prosecution, but the parliament may chose to impeach him if it decides that he has acted inappropriately.

Mr. Katsav’s presidential position is largely ceremonial, and any charges against him would not interfere with the operations of the government under Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, the New York Times reports. The charges against Katsav come as controversies surround several other Israeli senior government officials.

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Lawyers Killed in Iraq for Defending Women’s Rights

Since October 2005, some 38 lawyers in Iraq have been killed, many of whom were defending women’s rights. IRIN News, a United Nations humanitarian news and information service, reports that at least 120 lawyers have fled to surrounding countries since January because of the threats to their safety.

Lawyers at special risk for death threats and murder are those who take cases involving violations of Islamic law, such as adultery, so-called honor killings, and cases of women asking for custody of their children. In July, Iraqi lawyer Salah Abdel-Kader was found murdered in his office with a note that read, “This is the price to pay for those who do not follow Islamic laws and defend what is dreadful and dirty,” according to IRIN. He frequently took on cases involving custody disputes and honor killings.

The threat of violence has had a chilling effect on lawyers willing to take these cases. “We are afraid and terrified by such killings, and many of my colleagues have stopped accepting such cases Ñ even if it could bring good money Ñ because our lives could be in serious risk,” said Iraqi lawyer Qusay Ahmed, according to IRIN News.

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UN Study Declares Violence against Women a Widespread Problem in Afghanistan

A new report by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) is shedding light on the extent of violence against women in Afghanistan. Uncounted and Discounted is based on over 1,300 incidences of violence against Afghan women between January 2003 and June 2005. Among the main conclusions of the report are that women are subjected to physical and psychological violence, often from an early age, and that neither employment, education levels, or marital status determines who will be victimized.

Intimate partners are often the abuser and often act “with impunity,” as there are few repercussions, either legally or within families. Furthermore, Afghan women who are suffering violence at the hands of family members often have nowhere to turn to for support. The report suggests that while further research is necessary to understand the full extent of violence against women, the state must step in immediately to provide support to those against whom acts of violence are committed.

Meanwhile, a resurgence of the Taliban in recent months has brought an increase in militia bombings, burnings of girls’ schools, and the killing of teachers. Under the Taliban regime, education for Afghan women and girls was banned. Attacks on girls’ schools began immediately following the reopening of the schools by the new Afghan government in 2002, but the current situation has reached crisis proportions, undermining the rights that Afghan women and girls were just beginning to enjoy.

LEARN MORE about FMF’s Campaign for Afghan Women and Girls.

Iran Stops Stoning Sentence for Ashraf Kolhari

After receiving a petition with signatures from over 100 Iranian women’s rights activists and 4,000 concerned individuals, Iran Ayatollah Shahroudi has acted to stop the execution of Ashraf Kolhari, a mother of four who was sentenced to death by stoning for having sex outside of marriage. Kolhari’s sentence was protested by human rights and women’s rights organizations across the world, objecting to the cruel and unusual punishment to which she was condemned for having an affair. In response to Kolhari’s situation, over 5,300 Feminist Majority Foundation activists sent emails to Ayatollah Shahroudi and the United Nations Human Rights High Commissioner to protest Kolhari’s execution and the practice of stoning.

In an open letter, Kolhari’s lawyer Shadi Sadr wrote, “It is a wonderful feeling to see people coming together to save the life of another human being. I should also say that it is a great pleasure for me, as her lawyer, to share my happiness with all of you who were with us and supported the effort to save her.”

Kolhari’s fate, however, is not completely clear yet, and the cruel practice of stoning in Iran is still legal. While the Ayatollah’s announcement is good news for women and human rights in Iran, Sadr adds that feminists and activists must remain vigilant: “I am asking you to please continue your efforts and keep your voices loud until we make sure that [Kolhari] is safe. Furthermore, we must demand a change in the law that makes stoning illegal as a Ôsentence’ for any crime.”

TAKE ACTION Urge Ayatollah Shahroudi and the United Nations to end the practice of stoning.

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South Africa: Women Celebrate Historic Women’s March

In celebration of Women’s Day, thousands of South African women re-enacted an historic march through South Africa’s capital, Pretoria, on Wednesday. In addition to honoring the 20,000 women who marched against apartheid laws 50 years ago, the march was held in protest of South Africa’s high rate of domestic violence, reports BBC News.

Today in South Africa, women comprise a third of the parliamentarians and 43 percent of the President’s cabinet, and they have made limited gains in the corporate world, according to IRIN News. In spite of advances in gender equality in the past 50 years, South Africa still has high levels of violence against women and one of the highest rates of rape in the world, reports IRIN News.

South African President Thabo Mbeki spoke at the march, saying, “…[W]e must uphold the perspective that none of us is free unless the women of our country are free – free from race and gender discrimination, free from poverty and loss of human dignity, and free from fear and violence,” Business Day reports.

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Study Shows Promise for Curbing HIV in Women

The results of a study conducted by Family Health International revealed that taking the HIV treatment drug Viread before contracting HIV may help lower the rate of infection in high-risk women, though more testing is needed to provide conclusive results. The drug or a placebo was given to 936 high-risk women in Ghana, Cameroon, and Nigeria, mostly prostitutes or women with multiple sex partners. The study found that of the 427 women given the drug, only two contracted HIV. Of the 432 who took the placebo, six contracted HIV. All women who participated in the study received counseling and free condoms.

While the results of the study are not statistically significant because of the small rate of infection, conductors of the survey are heartened by the findings, which include no adverse reactions to taking the drug in a preventative manner. The study also shows that participating in the study helped lower the number of cases of HIV contracted, as participants used condoms more frequently and lowered their number of sexual partners. Women taking the placebo were half as likely as non-participants to contract HIV, according to statistical estimates.

More studies are underway to better test whether taking Viread prior to contracting HIV is an effective means of preventing the spread of the disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are currently conducting studies in Thailand, Botswana, and the US (Atlanta and San Francisco); the National Institutes of Health has plans to begin a study in Peru later this year. According to the Centre for Development and Population Activities, there are more than 17 million HIV-positive women across the globe, 77 percent of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Iran Outlaws Nobel Laureate’s Human Rights Group

Human rights groups are calling on Iran’s government to immediately reverse its decision to outlaw the Center for the Defense of Human Rights (CDHR), an organization co-founded by 2003 Nobel Peace Laureate Shirin Ebadi. According to Human Rights Watch (HRW), the Ministry of the Interior issued a statement on August 3 defining CDHR as an illegal organization, saying that the group had never obtained the proper permit. The Ministry stated that “violators will be prosecuted accordingly,” according to Amnesty International, which has also condemned the Iranian government’s action.

According to HRW, Ebadi issued a statement responding to the announcement, saying, “Under Iran’s constitution, nongovernmental organizations that obey the law and do not disrupt public order do not need a permit.” Even so, CDHR applied for a permit when the group was founded in 2002, but never heard back from the government despite repeated attempts, HRW reports.

“The attempt to silence Shirin Ebadi’s Center is a huge setback for protecting human rights in Iran,” said Sarah Leah Whitson of HRW. Ebadi is one of only seven living women Nobel Peace Laureates, and recently toured the United States for the release of her memoir. The Feminist Majority Foundation honored her and three of the other women Nobel Peace Laureates (Jody Williams of the United States, Betty Williams of Northern Ireland, and Rigoberta Menchu Tum of Guatemala) at a ceremony in April for their work for women’s rights and peace.

LEARN MORE

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Taliban Kills Woman and Son in Afghanistan

A woman and her son were killed Monday in Dast Mastan, Afghanistan, by Taliban militants on accusations of spying for local troops and the local government. Both were shot dead and the bodies were hung in the town as a warning to other villagers who might sympathize with the NATO troops stationed in the province or with the local government, said local province officials, according to DPA. The son had recently joined the local police forces, but no connection could be found between the woman and the local government.

Local Afghan officials and community leaders gathered yesterday to condemn the Taliban’s actions. President Hamid Karzai said in a statement, “The gruesome act is unforgivable and no one can justify it. This shameful act is an affront to all Afghans and their historical traditions,” according to the New York Times.

LEARN MORE about FMF’s Campaign for Afghan Women and Girls.

UN Considering New Multilateral Agency for Women

A position paper advocating the development of a multilateral UN Agency for women was submitted to a UN panel last week. The position paper, entitled “Gender Equality Now or Never,” was written by Paula Donavan senior advisor on women’s and children’s issues in the office of Stephen Lewis, UN Special Envoy for AIDS in Africa.

In his initial introduction of the proposal at a UN press conference in July, Lewis stated that the new agency would not replace existing UN agencies, such as the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), addressing women’s issues but would combine these groups into a multilateral agency equipped to adequately address women’s issues worldwide.

“The point that UNIFEM doesn’t get much attention and doesn’t get much of a budget is indicative of the way women’s issues are treated throughout the international community and the United Nations. They are always the poorest, the least well resourced,” Donavan said in an interview with VOA news. According to Donavan, if gender discrimination is not battled through targeted programming “the entire human society suffers. It’s just illogical and crazy to think that we can continue to treat women as second class citizenry,” reports VOA news.

If approved, the proposal for a new UN agency for women will be on the UN’s agenda this September.

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Women Abandon FGM in Sierra Leone

Fifteen top practitioners of FGM (female genital mutilation) in Sierra Leone last weekend publicly announced their decision to abandon their positions as female circumcisers. At a rally organized by the Amazonian Initiative Movement (AIM), a local NGO, the women set their instruments on fire and proclaimed that they will now work towards “safeguarding the health of women and girls,” TODAY online reports.

The 15 women were well-known and responsible for about a third of the FGM in the town of Lunsar, TODAY online reports. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) “an estimated 100-140 million girls and women worldwide [have] undergone female genital mutilation Ñ the removal of all or part of the female external genitalia as part of traditional initiation rituals or marriage preparation customs.” In Sierra Leone, approximately 90 percent of women have undergone female genital mutilation, reports UNICEF.

Health complications due to female genital mutilation include infection, excessive bleeding, and in some cases death. Studies have shown that the procedure may also cause “infertility, pregnancy and childbirth complications, and psychological problems through inability to experience sexual pleasure,” reports the World Health Organization.

According to Rugiatu Turay, coordinator for AIM, the organization has been able to convince about 400 practitioners in 111 villages in Sierra Leone to end the practice, reports IRIN News. AIM activists believe that education and mass literacy campaigns will be necessary in order to raise awareness regarding the risks of FGM and provide alternative employment for female circumcisers in Sierra Leone, reports the World Health Organization.

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Cameroonians Fight Breast Ironing

Breast ironing, a brutal practice meant to slow the development of young women’s breasts in order to ward off sexual attention, is inflicted on a quarter of all girls in Cameroon, according to a recent study by GTZ, a German NGO.

An additional 3.8 million girls, nearly one-fourth the population of Cameroon, are at risk of breast ironing. The practice involves wrapping heated bandages around a young girl’s chest, then “massaging” or pounding the breast with stones, wooden pestles or hammers that have been heated over coals.

According to BBC News, many mothers and female relatives support the practice Ñ though practitioners can face a three year prison sentence Ñ because, they say, undeveloped breasts mean increased educational opportunity and protection against “sexual immorality.” GTZ’s research shows that women victims face serious health risks, including cyst formation, cancer, serious infections, and damage to skin and breast tissue.

In an effort to fight breast ironing, the Network of Aunties Association (RENATA), a local NGO composed of teen mothers, has partnered with GTZ to launch a television and radio advertising campaign explaining the dangers of the ritual. It is a personal mission for some members of RENATA, such as the organization’s Executive Director, Bessem Ebanga, who told Agence France-Presse, “The aim of RENATA is to prevent young girls from being subjected to what we were.”

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Pakistan to Consider Amending Rape Laws

The Pakistani parliament will consider and likely approve a bill that would ease overly strict restrictions applied under Islamic law that make it nearly impossible to prove a woman has been raped. Under the Hadood Ordinance, developed by the former dictator Gen. Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq in 1979, rape victims are convicted of adultery unless they have four male witnesses, which human rights groups say makes a rape conviction impossible.

The amendment, if passed, will erase that onerous requirement and require instead that anyone who accuses a woman of adultery produce four witnesses, according to . In addition, forced marriage and kidnapping, as well as trafficking women for prostitution, will be more thoroughly addressed. Those convicted of gang-rape will be sentenced to death and it will be a crime to publish the address of a rape victim, reports Reuters.

Mahnaz Rafi, chairwoman of the Pakistani Parliament’s special committee for women’s development, said, “This will be a historic change and it will end decades of miseries for women,” reports the Associated Press. Naeem Mizra, director of the non-profit Aurat Foundation, added, “The amendments proposed by the government shatter a myth held for 27 years that Hudood laws are divine laws,” according to Reuters.

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Study Shows Domestic Workers Endure Abuse, Cruelty Worldwide

Domestic workers worldwide face starvation, forced confinement, and regular physical and sexual abuse, concludes a Human Rights Watch (HRW) report released on Thursday. According to the report, “Swept Under the Rug: Abuses Against Domestic Workers Around the World,” domestic workers, the vast majority of whom are women and children, are often vulnerable to persecution and cruelty because many countries lack minimum labor standards for domestic workers.

“Millions of women and girls turn to domestic work as one of the few economic opportunities available to them,” said Nisha Varia, a senior researcher for the Women’s Rights Division of Human Rights Watch, “Abuses often take place in private homes and are totally hidden from the public eye.”

The report stressed the need for governments to regulate working conditions for domestic workers and to institute laws that hold employers accountable for meeting minimum human rights standards. While it is difficult to estimate the prevalence of abuse to domestic workers, the HRW reported that the embassies of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines in Saudi Arabia receive receive thousands of complaints about domestic abuse every year.

The report comprises five years of research on domestic work in El Salvador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Togo, United Arab Emirates and the US.

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Iranian Woman Sentenced to Death by Stoning

Ashraf Kolhari, a 37-year-old mother of four, has been sentenced to death by stoning for committing adultery in Iran. Kolhari was arrested five years ago and has been awaiting her sentence in prison. Recently, she received the decision that she would be executed by the end of July.

Reportedly, Kolhari had an affair after her request for a divorce from her husband was denied. According to Iran Focus, she was sentenced on two charges: she received 15 years imprisonment for participating in the murder of her husband and death by stoning for having extra-marital sex.

Under the Islamic Republic of Iran’s penal code, Kolhari must be buried up to her neck and killed by stoning for committing adultery. Though several ayatollahs have released fatwas – religious edicts – to stop deaths by stoning, Iranian women’s rights lawyer Shadi Sadr told the Adnkronos International, an Italian news agency, that fatwas are not sufficient to stop this cruel practice: “Single judges are not obliged to respect the fatwas. To stop stonings, we need a change in the law.”

According to the Women’s Forum Against Fundamentalism in Iran, there are eight other women in Iranian prisons who have been sentenced to death by stoning.

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‘Close to Anarchy’ in Afghanistan

NATO’s commander in Afghanistan recently described the situation in the country as “close to anarchy,” saying Afghan and coalition forces are “running out of time”. Lt. Gen. David Richards, who will lead NATO as it takes control of the US-led coalition in southern Afghanistan at the end of the month, spoke at a conference in London of “a lack of unity between different agencies,” according to the Guardian.

Gen Richards also spoke of his concerns that “poorly regulated private security companies” are “all too ready to discharge firearms,” as well as a shortage of equipment for NATO forces, the Guardian reports. This grave depiction contrasts sharply with his interview in TIME magazine which appeared earlier this month when he said, “If I didn’t have optimism about what we are doing, I shouldn’t be here.”

Kenya Toughens Law on Sexual Predators

A new law in Kenya has created stricter punishments for rapists and sexual predators, but has failed to criminalize marital rape and female genital mutilation. The bill, which President Mwai Kibaki approved on July 14, was the first legal recognition of many sex crimes, including gang rape, sexual harassment, and child trafficking. The legislation also outlaws the deliberate transmission of the HIV virus.

The bill comes as a reaction to the rising number of rapes and sexual assaults committed in Kenya. While it is estimated that women are raped every half hour in Nairobi, Kenya’s capital, Kenya’s legal code on sexual crimes has not been significantly changed since 1930.

One of the most contentious issues is a provision in the law that imposes the same sentence on rapists and those who falsely accuse someone of rape. This clause may “deter women from coming forward [and has] shifted the burden of proof in rape cases from the accuser to the accused,” according to a statement from the Office of the United Nations Secretary-General. Kenyan women’s rights activists are especially angered by this provision of the legislation. Says Anne Njogu, director of the Centre for Women’s Rights Education and Awareness, according to allAfrica.com, “It is the same chauvinistic, paternalistic, very, very parochial attitudes towards women.”

Many are skeptical about how effective this new legislation will be in combating the rising incidences of rape. “For many rural women, it will take much more than a new law to change deeply entrenched traditions, where culturally, women have little power,” said Jack Nyagaya, a counselor who deals with cases of rape, according to allAfrica.com.

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