UN Envoy, NATO Commander Condemn Inaction on Afghan Peace Troop Expansion

Both UN special envoy to Afghanistan Lakhdar Brahimi and NATO Chief George Robertson have warned that the consequences to Afghanistan’s future will be disastrous if the international community does not immediately provide the resources and personnel to expand international peacekeeping forces throughout the country.

The UN Security Council, NATO, and even the United States – which had been the primary obstacle to peace troop expansion – finally agreed a few months ago to support the expansion of international peacekeeping forces beyond Kabul. However, only a few hundred additional troops have been deployed and there are no plans for the full-fledged expansion that the United Nations, Afghan government, Afghan women leaders, and women’s rights and human rights organizations believe is necessary for democracy, reconstruction, and human rights.

Brahimi stated that because of the deteriorating security situation in Afghanistan the country will be too unstable to hold scheduled elections in June. He expressed his frustrations with the international community that supports civilian involvement in Afghanistan but refuses to commit adequate numbers of peace troops in an interview with the Financial Times, saying “I told the Security Council several times: ‘What the hell? You told me to go to Afghanistan.’ Now when I tell you I have some security concerns you tell me: ‘You stay there, but it’s too dangerous for our soldiers.’ What kind of lousy logic is that?”

Robertson, in his last address before ending his four-year term as NATO chief, stated similar concerns. “Money, troops and long-term commitment are the only ingredients of success and the only way Afghanistan’s problems will not come West to haunt us. Failure would be a crushing blow, not just for NATO but for each and every NATO country, each and every international organization, and for the concept of multilateralism in international relations,” said Robertson according to Agence France Presse. NATO assumed command of the 5,300-troop international peacekeeping force in August.

Women’s rights, human rights, and Afghan groups, in an open letter last week, again called on President Bush to take action to support full scale expansion of international peacekeeping forces as well as stronger protections for women’s rights and human rights in the Afghan constitution, which is being debated at the Loya Jirga in Kabul.

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IL: Group Pushes to Clear Rape Kit Backlog

A group of women in Chicago has banded together to address a mounting backlog of untested rape kits at the Illinois State Police Crime Lab. The Women’s DNA Initiative announced their plans on Sunday in the Chicago Tribune to raise as much as $1 million to have the rape evidence tested at private firms. Shortly thereafter, Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich vowed to find $3 million in the state’s budget to address the three-year backlog of some 1,500 rape kits, the Tribune reports.

The National Rape Evidence Project estimates that the backlog nationwide is at least 350,000 rape kits. “The reality is a woman gets raped and she goes through a second invasive process of having a rape kit done where they swab all different parts of her body,” former New York City police commissioner Howard Safir told the Tribune. “She leaves thinking she went through the second invasive process because it’s going to help catch a rapist. In many locations around the country, they just sit on the shelves.” In 1999 Safir convinced then-Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to spend $12 million to analyze a backlog of more than 17,000 kits, according to the Tribune.

The US House of Representatives recently passed a bill that designates $755 million over five years to the Debbie Smith DNA Backlog Grant Program, focused on eliminating the current backlog of DNA rape kits nationwide. “This new law will pull rapists off the streets and throw them behind bars, case closed.” said Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-NY), author of the original Debbie Smith Act, in a press statement. “This action guarantees prevention of future sexual assaults and resolution for some unsolved rapes … Rape kits should be in the lab undergoing analysis, not stuck on the shelves of a warehouse.”

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First Female US Park Police Chief Placed on Leave

US Park Police Chief Teresa Chambers was suspended on Friday for speaking out about the need for increased funding to hire more park police officers to patrol national monuments. The Associated Press reports that she is under investigation and was asked to clear out her desk, relinquish her badge, firearm, and government ID. US Park Service Deputy Director Don Murphy claims that Chambers broke two federal rules by speaking about a budget issue before the budget was finalized but refuses to identify which specific rules she had violated, the Washington Post reports.

Chambers, who was appointed as the first woman chief of the US Park Police in February 2002, had truthfully answered reporters’ questions about US Park Police needs for the future and said that there was a shortfall of officers covering certain parks because of new orders to place more officers at the major monuments like the Washington Monument, the Post continued. Due to the shortfalls some parks are reporting more crime and there has been an increase in accidents on parkways.

Doug Hartnett of the watchdog group Government Accountability Project told the Post, “Rather than focus on the real issue of the threat to security and public safety that the police chief identified, they try to distract the public by citing some arcane ‘rule’ that doesn’t exist or doesn’t apply. It is all a bluff. But unfortunately, they often get away with destroying a good public servant’s career, and making sure no one else considers ‘committing the truth.'”

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Clayton Lee Waagner Convicted for 2001 Anthrax Hoax

Anti-abortion extremist Clayton Lee Waagner was convicted on Wednesday for mailing envelopes containing fake anthrax to over 700 abortion clinics in 24 states. Of the 53 charges against him, the jury found Waagner guilty of 51 of them, including the threatening use of a weapon of mass destruction, violation of the Freedom of Access to Clinics Entrances (FACE) Act, extortion, and mailing threatening communication, according to Knight Ridder.

Waagner, who represented himself in the trial, said he was “tickled” that the threatening letters disrupted abortion clinics back in 2001 but claimed the government had not proven he had sent the envelopes, according to the Associated Press. Because he has committed a variety of other crimes, this conviction means that Waagner will probably spend the rest of his life in prison.

In 2001, when Waagner mailed his anthrax threats, Congress and media outlets had just received real anthrax by mail. Therefore, Waagner’s threats were taken very seriously. When the fake anthrax was mailed to abortion clinics nationwide, the Feminist Majority Foundation, Planned Parenthood, and the National Abortion Federation immediately alerted clinics to prevent clinic workers from opening mail they thought was contaminated. These alerts helped law enforcement by directing them to the “scope of the investigation,” allowing the FBI to immediately “declare it a national investigation and start the collection of evidence across the nation,” according to Margaret Moore, director of law enforcement for the Feminist Majority Foundation.

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Report: One-Third of Women Will Be Abused in Lifetime

The United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) released its findings that one third of women will be beaten, raped, or otherwise abused in her lifetime. According to UNIFEM, there has not been a dramatic reduction in violence against women despite progress combating the problem.

According to the Director of UNIFEM, Noleen Heyzer, “the scale of the problem vastly exceeds the resources committed. Over the last decade, it is amazing how much has been achieved with so little investment. But it’s no longer enough…it is critical that the international community- governments, foundations, the private sector – match the level of resources with the scale of the problem.”

In addition, Executive Director of the United Nations Population Fund Thoraya Obaid is insisting on zero tolerance of gender-based violence because “as long as it exists, we can not claim to be making steady progress towards equality, development, and peace,” reports The News in Monrovia. She is also calling for a massive and systematic response to the massive and systematic violations of women’s human rights.

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Man Allegedly Plotting to Bomb Abortion Clinics Indicted

A man who was arrested last month for allegedly plotting to bomb abortion clinics, lesbian and gay bars, and churches that did not condemn abortion was indicted by a grand jury last week. Stephen Jordi was indicted on counts of attempted arson, distributing explosives information, and possessing a silencer, according to the Associated Press. The FBI had been watching Jordi since August after receiving a tip from his brother, Michael Jordi, that Stephen Jordi was planning to attack abortion clinics. The FBI gathered information on Jordi using an informant posing as an anti-abortion extremist. FBI spokesperson Beverly Esselbach said, “He was perilously close to carrying out his plans,” according to the Associated Press.

In September 2003, Jordi attended the anti-abortion activities in Florida surrounding the execution of Paul Hill, who murdered an abortion provider and a volunteer escort. He was photographed during these activities with convicted clinic bomber Joshua Graff and Neal Horsley, creator of the “Nuremberg Files” website. FBI agents traced at least six phone calls from Jordi to Graff or Horsley following the execution, the Miami Herald reports.

Earlier in November, US Magistrate Judge Ann Vitunac denied bail for Jordi, declaring him a danger to the community, the Herald reports. If convicted, Jordi faces up to 20 years in prison and as much as $750,000 in fines, according to the Associated Press.

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Cherie Booth Criticizes Bush’s Stance on the International Criminal Court

Cherie Booth, a leading human rights attorney and Prime Minister Tony Blair’s wife, criticized the Bush administration’s opposition to the International Criminal Court (ICC). Booth said that the administration’s concerns about the International Criminal Court are “not well founded,” reports the Washington Post.

According to the Washington Post, speaking at a panel at Georgetown University on human rights and international law, Booth stated that Britain is a strong supporter of the ICC and that “the absence of the United States means we all stand to lose.” Regarding the administration’s concern that US military on peacekeeping missions would be subjected to politically motivated prosecution, she argued that she did not understand why the US would not allow prosecution of its own nationals accused of war crimes overseas, reports the Independent.

The ICC has widespread support in the US from groups such as the Feminist Majority because it identifies gender crimes and the crime of apartheid as crimes against humanity. Article 7 of the Rome Statute, which created the court, presents clear language that defines rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity as gender crimes. 132 countries have signed onto the treaty establishing the ICC. The United States is currently the only industrialized country that has not signed the treaty.

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House Passes DNA Testing Legislation

The US House of Representatives on Wednesday passed the Advancing Justice Through DNA Technology Act (HR 3214), authorizing over $1 billion to facilitating the testing and processing of DNA kits in criminal cases. Sponsored by Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-WI), HR 3214 designates $755 million over five years to the Debbie Smith DNA Backlog Grant Program, focused on eliminating the current backlog of 300,000 DNA rape kits nationwide. In addition, the measure supports Sen. Joseph Biden’s (D-DE) DNA Sexual Assault Justice Act (S. 152), providing grant monies for training and education of law enforcement, medical, and judicial professionals involved in using DNA data for sexual assault cases. Finally, the package also extends upon the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), offering legal assistances for dating violence victims and grant funding for coalitions servicing violence victims.

Under provisions of this bill, death row inmates would be permitted to call on DNA testing to prove their innocence. Rep. Sensenbrenner was pleased with the measure’s passage through the House, “Many crimes could be solved, many guilty people taken off the streets, and many victims could be spared from further crimes,” the AP reported.

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Florida Man Arrested for Planning to Bomb Abortion Clinics

On Tuesday, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) arrested Stephen Jordi of Coconut Creek, Florida for planning to bomb “an unspecified number” of abortion clinics. According to the FBI, Jordi was “perilously close” to starting his bombing campaign, according to the Associated Press. The FBI had been watching Jordi since August after receiving a tip from his brother, Michael Jordi, that Stephan Jordi was planning to attack abortion clinics. In September 2003, Stephan Jordi attended the anti-abortion activities surrounding the execution of Paul Hill. Hill was executed on September 3, 2003 for the murder of abortion provider Dr. John Britton and his volunteer escort, Lt. Col. James Barrett; his execution served as a rallying point for the most extreme members of the anti-abortion movement, including those who advocate violence against abortion providers. Before his execution, Hill showed no remorse, stating, “I think it was a good thing, and instead of being shocked, more people should do what I did. I think more people should act as I acted,” according to the Associated Press. Although severe clinic violence is down from its peak in 1994, “our national clinic violence survey reveals that violence is still threatening our nation’s clinics at an intolerable level,” said Eleanor Smeal, president of the Feminist Majority Foundation. The most recent survey found that levels of severe violence have slightly increased in the past two years, from 20 percent of clinics experiencing severe violence in 2000 to 23 percent in 2002. FMF’s National Clinic Access Project is the largest of its kind in the US, leading efforts to keep women’s health clinics open in the face of a war of attrition waged by abortion opponents. DONATE to the Feminist Majority Foundation and support our National Clinic Access Project

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Schwarzenegger Hires Private Firm to Investigate Groping Allegations

Against the protests of women’s rights advocates, Governor-elect Arnold Schwarzenegger recently hired a private investigation firm to look into allegations that he groped at least 16 women in the past three decades. Women’s groups and California Attorney General Bill Lockyer (D), a Schwarzenegger supporter, have called for an independent investigation. “If someone came to me and said I am working for Arnold Schwarzenegger and I want to investigate what you said about him, I wouldn’t feel very secure,” Helen Greico, executive director of the California National Organization for Women, told the Los Angeles Times. “An independent investigation would be the right call.”

The inquiry into the allegations is meant to fulfill a campaign promise by Schwarzenegger, that he would address the charges that surfaced in the last days of the recall election by the LA Times. Schwarzenegger is reportedly upset with Lockyer for supposedly violating “attorney-client privilege,” although this claim has been repeatedly dismissed by legal experts, according to the San Francisco Chronicle.

Lockyer has been accused of trivializing Schwarznegger’s actions by calling it “frat boy behavior,” according to the Times. Though he tried to clarify his remarks by explaining that in his mind, “frat-boy behavior runs from rowdy drunkenness to rape,” women’s rights groups are not convinced, the Times reports. “[Lockyer] should not be see-sawing back and forth. He should take a stand with women, not with Arnold,” Greico told the Chronicle.

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Clinic Seeks Permanent Injunction Against Anti-Abortion Protestor

A women’s health clinic is seeking a permanent injunction against an anti-abortion extremist. In September, the Emma Goldman Clinic obtained a restraining order against longtime anti-abortion activist Dan Holman, who, with his wife Donna, was a regular fixture outside the clinic in Keokuk, Iowa. In November, the clinic will return to court in an attempt to make the restraining order permanent. The temporary order requires Dan Holman to stay across the street from the clinic and prohibits him from coming within 100 feet of the clinic’s executive director or the medical director’s homes, according to the Iowa City Press Citizen.

The Holmans’ behavior outside the Goldman clinic has steadily escalated, culminating in an interview Dan Holman gave to the New York Times at the execution of Paul Hill for murdering an abortion provider and his volunteer escort. Holman told the Times, “Some day, I hope I will have the courage to be as much as a man as [Hill] was,” according to the Kaiser Daily Reproductive Health Report. He also told the Orlando Sentinel, “I haven’t killed anyone yet, but I believe they deserve to die,” the Associated Press reports. “First they had the bloody signs, then they were videotaping us, and then the yelling at clients and staff, standing right at the edge of the law,” said the clinic’s executive director, Karen Kubby, AP reports. “When you see that, and then the comments he made at the Paul Hill execution, it’s my job to make sure our clients and our staff are safe.”

LEARN MORE Read “Drawing the Line,” a guide to legal strategies clinics can use to curb anti-abortion violence and harassment

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Air Force Academy Struggles with New Sex Assault Allegations

Months after the administrative shakeup replaced top brass at the US Air Force Academy, officials at the institution say incidents of sexual assault or harassment continue to occur. Academy spokesman John Van Winkle told the Associated Press, nine cases have been reported since April.

Despite implementing new proposals (termed the Agenda for Change) including dramatic shifts in student body structure, greater adult oversight, a weakened student command chain, and 24-hour dorm security and monitoring, a survey of nearly 600 female cadets released by the Defense Department last week revealed that 18 percent admitted to being sexually assaulted at least once, and 11 percent of fourth-year women said they had been victims of rape or attempted rape, according the AP.

Meanwhile, the academy is reconsidering its position regarding the confidentiality of victims reporting assault. In June, officials altered the academy’s previous position and rejected victim confidentiality, mandating participation from criminal investigators, a chaplain, a nurse, and a cadet representative in every reported assault case. Rape victim advocates continue to insist that confidentiality is critical for victims to come forward.

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Afghan Children: Victims of Trafficking

Forty-two Afghan children, allegedly victims of trafficking, returned last week to Kabul after being deported by Saudi Arabia. Afghan officials say the incident marks a disturbing trend in child smuggling where most victims are abducted and sold into slavery, prostitution, or used for organ harvesting in neighboring countries. Nadir Nadiri, spokesman for the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC) said officials expect the repatriation of another 208 children in the coming days, according to Agence France Presse. Though trafficking statistics are difficult to pinpoint, the AIHRC estimates 332 children have been abducted in this year alone. Afghan Interior Minister Ali Jalali vowed to work closely with the AIHRC to better combat the problem. The Commission recently held a workshop focused on raising awareness about trafficking among border patrols and law enforcement officers.

Approximately 800,000-900,000 people are trafficked each year worldwide, according to the US State Department’s 2003 Trafficking in Persons Report 2003.

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Former UN Official Asserts Trafficking Rampant In Post-Conflict Societies

A former United Nations official came to Washington, DC this week to raise awareness about violence against women and trafficking of women and girls worldwide. Elisabeth Rehn, who has served as Finland’s Defense Minister, an undersecretary general for the UN, an independent expert for the United Nations Fund for Women (UNIFEM), a member of the European Parliament, and as the UN Special Rapporteur for the Situation of Human Rights in several Eastern European countries, asserts that governments and the international community are partly to blame for the problem of trafficking of women. “The real problem is in the fact that the traffickers … are not only trafficking women and girls. They are also in the organized crime, and unfortunately, the corruption in many, many of these post-conflict countries…so those who are in political power also are dependent on the organized crime for financing,” Rehn told Voice of America.

While President Bush, in his speech to the United Nations, highlighted the need for the United States to do more to eradicate trafficking in persons around the world Jodi Jacobsen, executive director of the Center for Health and Gender Equity, said, “The President’s words on humanitarian crises such as human trafficking ring hollow in light of the adverse consequences of this Administration’s policies for women and girls worldwide,” such as family planning and HIV/AIDS.

Elisabeth Rehn and Ellen Johnson recently released a report entitled “Women, War and Peace: The Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women’s Role in Peace-building.” The report looks at issues such as violence against women, HIV/AIDS, reconstruction and organizing for peace. It also recommends ways to protect and empower women in post-conflict societies.

LEARN MORE Click here to read women’s narratives about barriers or successes in accessing reproductive health and family planning services.

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Judge Upholds $115 Million Judgment Against Rudolph

A judge upheld a $115 million judgment against Eric Robert Rudolph for maiming an abortion clinic nurse in a 1998 bombing. Rudolph’s lawyers had asked Jefferson County Circuit Judge Helen Shores Lee to dismiss the monetary judgment, claiming that Rudolph was not properly served with the suit when it was filed in 2000, according to the Birmingham News. The suit was filed by Emily Lyons, a nurse who worked at Birmingham, Alabama’s New Woman All Woman Health Care Clinic, and her husband Jeff. Lyons was severely injured when the clinic was bombed in 1998 by suspected serial bomber Rudolph. She lost one eye and has undergone 20 operations because of injuries sustained during the bombing, which killed an off-duty police officer, according to the Associated Press.

Rudolph is also charged with bombing an Atlanta abortion clinic, a lesbian and gay nightclub, and Centennial Park in Atlanta during the 1996 Olympics. He remained on the run for five years, and he was captured in June in Murphy, NC. The four bombings that Rudolph is charged with left two people dead and over one hundred injured. He was placed on the FBI’s 10 Most Wanted list in May of 1998. He is the third anti-abortion extremist in the last five years to be placed on an FBI list and the third to be captured.

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Investigative Panel Blasts Air Force Academy

A civilian panel appointed by Congress to investigate the sexual assault scandal at the US Air Force Academy released its findings Monday, charging that the institution’s commanders repeatedly failed to take responsibility and adequately respond to the problem. Former Florida Rep. Tillie Fowler, chair of the seven-member panel, said “Most [sexual assault victims] suffered alone because of an atmosphere of fear and retribution by peers aided by either indifference, incompetence or a combination of both by an academy leadership they believe failed them,” according to the Boston Globe.

The report, which found 142 sexual assault allegations at the academy during the period from 1993 to 2002, was delivered to Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Air Force Secretary James Roche on Monday and followed two other recent reports, including one in August by the Department of Defense and one in June by Air Force general counsel Mary Walker. Addressing a conclusion from the Defense Department document, the civilian panel report wrote, “The panel believes that the Air Force general counsel attempted to shield Air Force headquarters from public criticism by focusing exclusively on events at the academy… The failure of… leadership to respond aggressively and in a timely and committed way to eliminate causes of serious problems was a failure of leadership. Those responsible should be held accountable,” reported the Globe. Among the top brass criticized were current dean of faculty Brig. Gen. David A. Wagie as well as former officials Lt. Gen. John Dallager, Brig. Gen. S. Taco Gilbert III and Col. Laurie Sue Slavec. The panel offered 21 recommendations, including greater oversight of the academy, more access to trained counselors, and confidential reporting for victims of sexual assault.

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Woman on Iraqi Council Critically Injured in Assassination Attempt

One of only three women on Iraq’s Governing Council remains in critical condition after her car was ambushed by men with semiautomatic weapons in an assassination attempt Saturday morning. Aqila Hashimi suffered gunshot wounds to her abdomen and her leg, the LA Times reports. Her brother Zaid, who had been serving as one of her bodyguards, told the New York Times that she had received threats recently for collaborating with the US. Hashimi is a diplomat and a Shiite who is the only member of the current Governing Council who had served in Saddam Hussein’s government.

Other members of the Governing Council have been pleading with US authorities to provide them with more security and bodyguards, including Dr. Raja Habib Khuzau. Dr. Khuzau was originally provided with bodyguards by the US but those were later taken away. Her only source of protection has been from her brother and three other men who have no training; she is paying them out of her own pocket. Hashimi had also been relying on family members to provide her with bodyguards.

Women in Iraq have thus far not only been largely excluded from the reconstruction process, but looting, violence and threats of extremism have kept them in their homes. They are also facing restrictions on their rights by religious fundamentalist groups. “This issue of security is the immediate issue for women now,” said Yanar Mohammed, founder of the Organization for Women’s Freedom in Iraq, according to the NY Times.

LEARN MORE Read “Inside Iraq: Where Are the Women?” in the most recent issue of Ms. magazine

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Japanese Court Sentences US Marine For Rape

A Japanese court sentenced Lance Corporal Jose Torres to three-and-a-half years in prison for raping a woman in Okinawa, Japan. Torres was found guilty of beating and raping a 19-year-old woman on May 25 in an entertainment area near a US military base.

The United States handed over Torres in a move by Washington to fend off anger over the case, reports the BBC, even though the United States and Japan have a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) that they are not obliged to hand over suspects until formal charges are made.

Sexual violence by the US military strikes sensitive chords among Okinawan residents, who in 1995 suffered the gang rape of a 12-year-old girl by three United States servicemen. Inhabitants of the small Japanese island, which hosts over half of the nearly 50,000 US troops stationed in Japan, have repeatedly called for a reduction in US military presence.

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Goal for Increasing Women in Malaysian Police Force Less Than Other Jobs

The Malaysian police force will work to increase the percentage of women police officers from 12 to 15 percent, rather than the 30 percent goal for other federal jobs. Federal police Director of Management Datuk Kamarudin Md Ali explained the smaller increase, “We will still want more men than women in the police force as women have certain limitations in relation to the job,” reports Star Publications Malaysia.

The Ministry for Women and Family Development in Malaysia has urged the police to increase the number of female personnel at police stations nationwide as soon as possible, reports Utusan Malaysia. Women and Family Development Minister Datuk Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil said that the presence of female police officers could help victims of abuse, domestic violence and sexual crimes lodge reports in more detail and without embarrassment. Currently, women make up only 12 percent of the 86,000-person police force. Half of the 730 police stations in Malaysia have female personnel in their stations.

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Anti-Abortion Extremist to be Executed Tonight

Anti-abortion extremist Paul Hill, who in 1994 killed a Pensacola, Florida doctor and his volunteer escort, is scheduled to die tonight by lethal injection. Hill, an early proponent of “justifiable homicide” of abortion providers, shot and killed Dr. John Britton, 69, and volunteer escort James Barrett, 74, outside the Pensacola clinic that had previously been the site of Michael Griffin’s murder of Dr. David Gunn. Hill also wounded volunteer escort June Barrett in the attack. In an interview yesterday, Hill said, “I don’t feel any remorse because I think it was a good thing, and instead of being shocked, more people should do what I did. I think more people should act as I acted,” according to the Associated Press.

Abortion rights advocates fear that Hill’s death could make him a martyr and trigger more violence against abortion clinics. Abortion clinics in Florida and across the country are taking extra precautions. “Security’s at a very, very high level,” Carole Ann Steiger, of Planned Parenthood’s Beach Boulevard clinic in Florida, told First Coast News. “It is so important that women have access to reproductive health care, … that they can come to [a] place that is safe and secure.”

Although severe clinic violence is down from its peak in 1994, “our national clinic violence survey reveals that violence is still threatening our nation’s clinics at an intolerable level,” said Eleanor Smeal, president of the Feminist Majority Foundation. The most recent survey found that levels of severe violence have slightly increased in the past two years, from 20 percent of clinics experiencing severe violence in 2000 to 23 percent in 2002. FMF’s National Clinic Access Project is the largest of its kind in the US, leading efforts to keep women’s health clinics open in the face of a war of attrition waged by abortion opponents.

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